Your Complete News Guide to Latest Technologies and Trends » Networks

Cisco Router With Multiple Partitions

Thu, 18 Feb 2010 08:12:44 +0000

In preparation of our CCNA exam, we want to make sure we cover the various concepts that we could see on our Cisco CCNA exam. So to assist you, below we will discuss Cisco Router with Multiple Partitions.

Many times we get questions from new CCNA candidates stating that they can\’t upgrade their Cisco router IOS because there is not enough flash space available on the Cisco router. Although this may be true on occasion, we suggest that you first check a few things on your Cisco router to verify that this is the actual case.

You can generally tell how much flash memory you need on the Cisco router by looking at the size of the IOS file you are looking to load. If you see that the file size is 12 or 14MB, well in those cases you need 16MB of flash by rounding up to the next 8MB increment of flash(ex. 8MB, 16MB, 24MB, 36MB). Now that is a loose rule, but it is pretty safe to go by that most of the time.

As a side note, just because you have enough flash memory to burn the IOS file into flash, that does not mean it will be able to be successfully run on your Cisco router. Why not you may ask? Let\’s say you have a Cisco router that has 4MB of DRAM and 16MB of flash. Some of the newer IOS files will require additional DRAM. So not only do you want to check out the IOS file requirements for flash, but you also want to make sure you have met the DRAM memory requirements too.

Ok, so now you have enough DRAM and flash memory in the Cisco router to load the IOS. But it still will not load. You now are getting an error about not enough flash available. But why? You have two 8MB flash sticks in the router for a total of 16MB flash. Well, it most likely is that the flash is partitioned and thus you don\’t have enough contiguous space to load the IOS. How can you tell? Well one of two ways. First when your router boots, during the POST you may see something like below. Note the two partitions in bold:

cisco 2500 (68030) processor (revision L) with 14332K/2048K bytes of memory. Processor board serial number 02094596 X.25 software, Version 2.0, NET2, BFE and GOSIP compliant. Authorized for Enterprise software set. (0×0) 1 Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface. 2 Serial network interfaces. 32K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory. 8192K bytes of processor board System flash partition 1 (Read ONLY) 8192K bytes of processor board System flash partition 2 (Read/Write)

See how the flash is broken into two 8MB partitions instead of one 16MB contagious partition? That is the issue!

Another way you can tell if you have multiple partitions on your Cisco router is if you are in privileged mode and you run the \”show flash\” command. The show commands are some commands you will definately want to be familiar with for your CCNA exam. You can see that there are two partitions as in the example below:

Router# show flash

System flash directory, partition 1: 1 3813972 c2500-y-l.111-6.1 [3814036 bytes used, 4574572 available, 8388608 total] 8192K bytes of processor board System flash (Read/Write)

System flash directory, partition 2: 1 3813972 c2500-y-l.111-6.1 [3814036 bytes used, 4574572 available, 8388608 total] 8192K bytes of processor board System flash (Read/Write)

So now you can just run the \”no partition flash\” command and make it one big partition? No, not so quick. You have to know by now it can\’t be that easy! If you see an IOS image in partition 2, you will have to delete it before you can proceed to the \”no partition flash\” command otherwise it will error out. You can erase the IOS file in partition 2 by following the example below:

Router# erase flash

Partition Size Used Free Bank-Size State Copy Mode 1 8192K 3724K 4467K 8192K Read ONLY RXBOOT-manual 2 8192K 3724K 4467K 8192K Read/Write Direct

System flash directory, partition 2: File Length Name/status 1 3813972 c2500-y-l.111-6.1 [3814036 bytes used, 4574572 available, 8388608 total]

Erase flash device, partition 2? [confirm] Are you sure? [yes/no]: y

Erasing device… eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee …erased

Router#

Enter the show flash command to verify that the desired Flash memory partitions have been erased: Router# show flash

System flash directory, partition 1: 1 3813972 c2500-y-l.111-6.1 [3814036 bytes used, 4574572 available, 8388608 total] 8192K bytes of processor board System flash (Read/Write)

System flash directory, partition 2: No files in System flash [0 bytes used, 8388608 available, 8388608 total] 8192K bytes of processor board System flash (Read/Write)

Finally, now you are now ready to run the \”no partition flash\” command. Enter the configuration mode and enter the no partition flash command to create a single flash memory partition, as follows: Router# config t

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with cntrl/z. Router(config)# no partition flash Router(config)# exit Router#copy run start

Now when you do a show flash you should see the following: System flash directory: 1 3813972 c2500-y-l.111-6.1 [3813972 bytes used, 12963244 available, 16777216 total] 16384K bytes of processor board System flash (Read/Write)

At this point, you can start your IOS upgrade with the \”copy tftp flash\” command by following that article from our site. You are now on your way to understanding Cisco routers and obtaining your Cisco CCNA certification!

We hope you found this Cisco certification article helpful. We pride ourselves on not only providing top notch Cisco CCNA exam information, but also providing you with the real world Cisco CCNA skills to advance in your networking career.

Go to CiscoKits for your free Cisco Certification training. Cisco CCNA, CCNP, and CCIE training along with many options for Cisco home lab kits! Get a totally unique version of this article from our article submission service

Fiber Optic Systems Advantages

Thu, 29 Oct 2009 07:43:08 +0000

It seems as though fiber optic systems are here to stay, replacing copper wire as the preferred method of cabling for communication and signal transmissions. For those not in the know, this is a confusing change, especially if you do not understand fiber optics. This change is because of several reasons, as fiber optic systems have the upper hand in speed, bandwidth, distance, resistance and maintenance. To understand why fiber optics is becoming so commonplace, it is easy to start with the differences.

The difference between copper and fiber optic systems is that fiber optics use light pulses down fiber lines, rather than electronic pulses down copper lines. With fiber optic systems, a transmitter generates the information at the end of the line. The transmitter will accept coded electronic pulses, translating them into the equivalent light pulse.

To generate light pulses, you can use an injection laser diode (ILD) or a light emitting diode (LED). The reason light travels so easily and quickly with these fiber optic systems is because of total internal reflection. Because of the angles, light cannot get out of the glass, but will bounce back inside. By altering the material used for the core, you can vary the wavelengths of infrared applications. Some of the more common materials include silica, fluorozirconate, fluoroaluminate and chalcogenide glasses, which you would typically use for longer wavelength needs. For these materials to work, the core has to be very clear, and the light is typically infrared.

Fiber optic systems can operate at a higher speed than copper networks, even reaching speeds into the gigabits. When you combine that with the fact that fiber optic systems have a large carrying capacity, it is not hard to see why many users are switching from copper.

Unlike copper systems, fiber optics signals travel greater distances. This is because signals do not need refreshing or strengthening with fiber optics. Signals have the power to keep going continuously, similar to the light bent around the mirror inside a paper towel. Even if there are corners, fiber optics can travel great distances.

Fiber optic systems also have a greater resistance to electromagnetic noises than copper systems. Whether you have nearby cables, motors or radios, you will not need to worry about the resistance with fiber optics. While there is still some interference to the noise, fiber optic systems have a greater resistance than copper.

Perhaps the biggest decisive factor when choosing systems for you to consider is cost. Overall, fiber optic systems typically cost less to maintain. When you combine this low maintenance cost with all of the other advantages over copper, it is no wonder why so many individuals are using fiber optics.

With so many things in the favor of fiber optic systems, such as speed, bandwidth, distance, resistance and maintenance costs, it is easy to see where the future of cabling is. When planning your cable management and cable tray needs, consider fiber optic systems to see if they will meet your needs.

June Leuizamo is a writer who has special skills with Electrical Fittings

Free Dish Network Special Promotion

Thu, 01 Oct 2009 08:35:52 +0000

by Wendy Grover

A subscription to Dish Network Satellite TV can turn into the difference between being frustrated with your Television programming state and being completely contented with the time that you use watching Television! That’s the reason this satellite Television service is the greatest way to make sure that you have the best quality entertainment that your family needs. No matter what amount of money you have to spend on Television, you’ll get more channels and better features through DishTV than you would with any other Television service provider!

Perhaps the greatest part of the service that Dish Net provides is that every entertainment package it offers comes with programming and features that will appeal to every member of the family! For Ex,, even the smallest entertainment package, Dish Family, comes with plenty of kid friendly entertainment and educational programming in the form of cartoons, news, sports, movies, drama, and much more. The selection becomes even bigger when you look at Classic Bronze 100, Classic Silver 200, and Classic Gold 250. Of course the ultimate entertainment package can be found in the form of America’s Everything Pak which has over 280 channels so that your family can enjoy the finest Television programming available anywhere- including premium movie channels! Of course you can add High Definition TV programming through Turbo HD as well!

Of course lots of channels can be difficult to sort through in order to find the particular programming that you’re looking for. This holds true even with the modern interactive electronic programming guides that are so ordinary these days. That’s why Dish Network provides the DishTV Interactive Electronic Program Guide. This upper end program guide is packed with features that will ensure that your kids can make the most out of the channels that you subscribe to! Specifically, each member of your family will be able to create a list of their favorite channels so that when they bring up their list, they won’t have to sift through the entire entertainment package. The movie buff can have all of the movie channels in her or his list, while the sports fan can have all of the major sports channels in his or her list. This makes the huge number of channels that you can get through DishNet that much more manageable!

A digital video recorder from Dish Net is also a wonderful way to make sure that the whole household is getting the entertainment that they want. This ingenious device makes recording Television content easy- even if you aren’t at home to initiate a recording when it needs to start! With a DVR receiver from DishNet, you can record 2 Television shows at once and even watch a 3rd one that has already been recorded! This ability to time shift Television viewing is a huge advantage with out busy schedules and it can help to keep the peace in your home even if family members want to watch different things that happen to air at the same time!

A fantastic extension of Dish Net’s DVR technology is Dish On Demand. Dish On Demand is a pay per view service that lets you watch movies whenever you want! You can essentially select the movie that you want from a list and begin watching it right away! Better still, you’ll have complete control over the movie- including fast forward, rewind, pause, and the option of watching the movie over and over again- for an entire day after you have paid for it! Add in the option of watching HDTV movies in 1080p resolution and you can really see how this is a fantastic service!

DishNetwork Satellite TV is the obvious choice when you look at all that it offers!

About the Author:

Wendy Grover writes articles for consumers who want to find the best DishTV Deals currently available. She has written for many major publications about the latest Dish TV Promotional Offers and how buyers can find the best discounts.

Best DishNetwork Promos

Sat, 19 Sep 2009 07:43:52 +0000

There’s no doubt that getting DishNetwork in your house can be a terrific benefit to your family, but you may not realize just how wonderful this service is now thanks to the reality that this organization is repeatedly improving. As a matter of fact, with a bigger selection of channels than ever before this is the satellite television alternative that you and your family will like the most!

Dish Network’s excellent service begins with allowing you to go for the level of programming that best suits the needs of your family by selecting from many diverse packages. These entertainment packages range from the small and economical to big ones that are developed to supply the ultimate level choice of programming! They start out with the ultra-economical Dish Family which has more than fifty channels specifically chosen to appeal to each member of the household while remaining family friendly and value oriented. Classic Bronze 100 is an superb choice for any family who wants a compromise between budget and selection!

As it’s name implies, Classic Bronze 100 has just about one hundred channels and gives you the choice of taking advantage of probable upgrades such as adding on premium movie channels, additional sports channels, and a top of the line HDTV package through Turbo HD! Classic Silver 200 has all of the channels and benefits of Classic Bronze 100 but doubles the base quantity of channels that are presented to you. DVR advantage adds the benefits of a DVR to the already impressive features of Classic Silver 200, and Classic Gold 250 tops off the classic series of entertainment packages with access to an impressive two hundred and fifty channels! Of course, if you crave the greatest value and the biggest selection of channels, then you ought to go with America’s Everything Pak, which adds all of the premium movie channels (plus NBA TV) to the impressive selection of channels that appear with Classic Gold 250!

If you desire the finest possible home cinema experience than you have to get a Turbo HD HDTV entertainment package through Dish Network! With well over a hundred HDTV channels available, this invention has made Dish TV the leader when it comes to providing home theater quality TV content. HDTV is the new TV format that features a higher resolution picture, greater sound quality, and a wide screen aspect ratio with all its televised video! All of this allows you to take complete advantage of today’s up-to-the-minute HDTV technology! Turbo HD is also a great benefit because the channels that it offers are divided up into separate packages that are developed to complement the classic series of entertainment packages, so that you’ll involuntarily get Turbo HD Bronze when you have the Classic Bronze 100 package and you sign up for Turbo HD. The same is exact for Classic Silver 200 and Classic Gold 250! Another excellent option is being able to sign up for a Turbo HD package without subscribing to a standard def package. After all, with HDTV the up and approaching TV format, at some point all entertainment packages will be all HDTV channels! Dish Network satellite TV is simply bringing this about sooner than anyone else!

When you look at all of the options that you have when you decide to go with Dish Network, you can see why this is the satellite TV provider that will best suit your family’s wants. You owe it to yourself and your family to welcome the quality that is Dish Network!

Becky Jones writes articles for consumers who want to find the best Dish TV Specials currently available. She has written for many major publications about the latest DishTV Promotions and how buyers can find the best deals.

Dish TV Satellite Promotional Offers

Fri, 18 Sep 2009 08:41:19 +0000

A subscription to DishTV can turn into the difference between being frustrated with your Television programming state and being completely content with the time that you use watching Television! That’s the reason this satellite Television service is the greatest way to make sure that you have the best quality entertainment that your family needs. No matter what amount of money you have to spend on Television, you’ll get more channels and better features through DishNet Satellite TV than you would with any other Television service provider!

Perhaps the greatest part of the service that Dish Net Satellite TV provides is that every entertainment package it offers comes with programming and features that will appeal to every member of the family! For Ex,, even the smallest entertainment package, Dish Family, comes with plenty of kid friendly entertainment and educational programming in the form of cartoons, news, sports, movies, drama, and much more. The selection becomes even bigger when you look at Classic Bronze 100, Classic Silver 200, and Classic Gold 250. Of course the ultimate entertainment package can be found in the form of America’s Everything Pak which has over 280 channels so that your family can enjoy the finest Television programming available anywhere- including premium movie channels! Of course you can add High Definition TV programming through Turbo HD as well!

Of course lots of channels can be difficult to sort through in order to find the particular programming that you’re looking for. This holds true even with the modern interactive electronic programming guides that are so customary these days. That’s why DishNet provides the DishTV Interactive Electronic Program Guide. This upper end program guide is packed with features that will ensure that your kids can make the most out of the channels that you subscribe to! Specifically, each member of your family will be able to create a list of their favorite channels so that when they bring up their list, they won’t have to sift through the entire entertainment package. The movie buff can have all of the movie channels in her or his list, while the sports fan can have all of the major sports channels in his or her list. This makes the huge number of channels that you can get through DishNetwork Satellite TV that much more manageable!

A digital video recorder from DishNet is also a terrific way to make sure that the whole household is getting the entertainment that they want. This ingenious device makes recording Television content easy- even if you aren’t at home to initiate a recording when it needs to start! With a DVR receiver from DishTV, you can record 2 Television shows at once and even watch a 3rd one that has already been recorded! This ability to time shift Television viewing is a huge advantage with out busy schedules and it can help to keep the peace in your house even if family members want to watch different things that happen to air at the same time!

A good extension of Dish Network’s DVR technology is Dish On Demand. Dish On Demand is a pay per view service that lets you watch movies whenever you want! You can essentially select the movie that you want from a list and begin watching it right away! Better still, you’ll have complete control over the movie- including fast forward, rewind, pause, and the option of watching the movie over and over again- for an entire day after you have paid for it! Add in the option of watching HDTV movies in 1080p resolution and you can really see how this is a terrific service!

DishTV is the obvious choice when you look at all that it offers!

Amanda Teague writes articles for consumers who want to find the best DishNet Deals currently available. She has written for many major publications about the latest Dish Network Offers and promotions and how buyers can find the best discounts.

Dish Network Satellite TV Deals

Thu, 17 Sep 2009 07:21:32 +0000

A subscription to Dish Net Satellite TV can be the difference between being frustrated with your Television programming circumstances and being completely happy with the time that you use watching Television! That’s the reason this satellite Television service is the greatest way to make sure that you have the highest quality entertainment that your family needs. No matter what amount of money you have to spend on Television, you’ll get more channels and better features through DishNetwork Satellite TV than you would with any other Television service provider!

Perhaps the greatest part of the service that Dish Net provides is that every entertainment package it offers comes with programming and features that will appeal to every member of the family! For Ex,, even the smallest entertainment package, Dish Family, comes with plenty of kid friendly entertainment and educational programming in the form of cartoons, news, sports, movies, drama, and much more. The selection becomes even bigger when you look at Classic Bronze 100, Classic Silver 200, and Classic Gold 250. Of course the ultimate entertainment package can be found in the form of America’s Everything Pak which has over 280 channels so that your family can enjoy the greatest Television programming available anywhere- including premium movie channels! Of course you can add High Definition TV programming through Turbo HD as well!

Of course lots of channels can be difficult to sort through in order to find the particular programming that you’re looking for. This holds true even with the modern interactive electronic programming guides that are so customary these days. That’s why Dish Network provides the DishTV Interactive Electronic Program Guide. This upper end program guide is packed with features that will ensure that your kids can make the most out of the channels that you subscribe to! Specifically, each member of your family will be able to create a list of their favorite channels so that when they bring up their list, they won’t have to sift through the entire entertainment package. The movie buff can have all of the movie channels in her or his list, while the sports fan can have all of the major sports channels in his or her list. This makes the huge number of channels that you can get through DishNet Satellite TV that much more manageable!

A digital video recorder from Dish TV is also a terrific way to make sure that the whole household is getting the entertainment that they want. This ingenious device makes recording Television content easy- even if you aren’t at home to initiate a recording when it needs to start! With a DVR receiver from Dish TV, you can record 2 Television shows at once and even watch a 3rd one that has already been recorded! This ability to time shift Television viewing is a huge advantage with out busy schedules and it can help to keep the peace in your home even if family members want to watch different things that happen to air at the same time!

A fantastic extension of Dish TV’s DVR technology is Dish On Demand. Dish On Demand is a pay per view service that lets you watch movies whenever you want! You can essentially select the movie that you want from a list and begin watching it right away! Better still, you’ll have complete control over the movie- including fast forward, rewind, pause, and the option of watching the movie over and over again- for an entire day after you have paid for it! Add in the option of watching HDTV movies in 1080p resolution and you can really see how this is a good service!

DishNetwork Satellite TV is the obvious choice when you look at all that it offers!

Amanda Teague writes articles for consumers who want to find the best DishNetwork TV Promotions currently available. She has written for many major publications about the latest Dish Network Cable Offers and Specials and how buyers can find the best discounts.

Dish Net Special

Fri, 11 Sep 2009 07:26:09 +0000

A subscription to Dish Net Satellite TV can be the difference between being frustrated with your Television programming circumstances and being completely pleased with the time that you use watching Television! That’s the reason this satellite Television service is the greatest way to make sure that you have the highest quality entertainment that your family needs. No matter what amount of money you have to spend on Television, you’ll get more channels and better features through Dish TV than you would with any other Television service provider!

Of course lots of channels can be difficult to sort through in order to find the particular programming that you’re looking for. This holds true even with the modern interactive electronic programming guides that are so regular nowadays. That’s why DishNetwork provides the DishTV Interactive Electronic Program Guide. This upper end program guide is packed with features that will ensure that your kids can make the most out of the channels that you subscribe to! Specifically, each member of your family will be able to create a list of their favorite channels so that when they bring up their list, they won’t have to sift through the entire entertainment package. The movie buff can have all of the movie channels in her or his list, while the sports fan can have all of the major sports channels in his or her list. This makes the huge number of channels that you can get through Dish Net that much more manageable!

A digital video recorder from DishNet is also a terrific way to make sure that the whole household is getting the entertainment that they want. This ingenious device makes recording Television content easy- even if you aren’t at home to initiate a recording when it needs to start! With a DVR receiver from DishNet, you can record 2 Television shows at once and even watch a 3rd one that has already been recorded! This ability to time shift Television viewing is a huge advantage with out busy schedules and it can help to keep the peace in your home even if family members want to watch different things that happen to air at the same time!

A terrific extension of DishNetwork’s DVR technology is Dish On Demand. Dish On Demand is a pay per view service that lets you watch movies whenever you want! You can essentially select the movie that you want from a list and begin watching it right away! Better still, you’ll have complete control over the movie- including fast forward, rewind, pause, and the option of watching the movie over and over again- for an entire day after you have paid for it! Add in the option of watching HDTV movies in 1080p resolution and you can really see how this is a good service!

Dish Net Satellite TV is the obvious choice when you look at all that it offers!

Alex Bolder writes articles for consumers who want to find the best DishNet Satellite TV Promotions currently available. She has written for many major publications about the latest DishNet TV Offers and Specials and how buyers can find the best discounts.

Cisco Switches Are A Superb Purchase If You Need To Protect Your Office Networks.

Tue, 08 Sep 2009 11:57:03 +0000

One of the most essential products for a business or individual that runs a private network is a protection system to protect from unauthorised internet or network access. If you need to protect your internet or intranet network then Cisco switches will do the job. Cisco is the market leader in network hardware.

It doesn’t matter whether you have a small or large business; if you have a network that you need to protect then they could be for you. You will usually have to install these switches as hardware into your main hub or PC to ensure that your network documents are protected.

They really are essential if you want to ensure that your business networks stay secure. Unauthorised access can be very dangerous and a lot of people neglect the use of these items and then run the risk of having their networks breached. You should always be safe and install something for protection.

Cisco switches are a very popular product for small and large businesses and this is because they guarantee security – they are a little expensive though. There are a few things that’ll affect your purchase of these items so you’ll need to think and do some research, before you buy anything.

Cisco items can be expensive so you will need to do some research to find out what sort of things you will need before you buy. The kinds of Cisco switches that you should buy will depend on how many users you have accessing your private network and how much protection you need.

Major online or offline stores will charge you about 500 GBP in order to protect a system for 10-50 users or thereabouts. Cisco switches shouldn’t be a problematic purchase because usually networks and systems have a budget for protection and maintenance within your company.

The good thing with these items is that you don’t need to do much once they are set up – you can pretty much leave it to do what it does best. It’s quite easy to install them and you will probably get instructions when you buy, but you can always look online for help if you need to.

Once you have installed your Cisco system you shouldn’t have too many problems. Even if you do, they usually fix themselves using on board diagnostics. Although these products rarely run into problems it’s advisable to have an IT specialist on board to help you should you have any issues after installation.

As you can see there are a few things you’ll need to think about before you buy anything. They are certainly worth their while though. Cisco switches can really save the day if you have a private network that needs protecting – you don’t have to break the bank to buy them either.

You shouldn’t have too much of a problem finding what you need because they’re sold in most leading PC and computing stores, both online and offline. Before you buy Cisco switches you may need to ask some questions, so you should think about asking in store or over the phone – speak to an IT expert.

If you have the risk of intruders into your private networks then you should definitely consider Cisco switches to ensure that you don’t have any problems. They will really help keep your mind at ease. Make sure you do some research before you buy anything and you should be fine.

Writer Kian L Law talks about choosing Cisco firewalls for your business. www.trusthardware.co.uk has brilliant information on Cisco switches, you’ll certainly be able to purchase what you desire.

Your Complete News Guide to Latest Technologies and Trends » Networks

Cisco Router With Multiple Partitions

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Cisco Switches Are A Superb Purchase If You Need To Protect Your Office Networks.

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